![]() Even so, these same concepts can be useful for development of semiquantitative scoring systems in other research contexts such as commercial immunohistochemistry kits, serologic assays or applications of specialized software packages. This paper describes key principles for the development of semiquantitative scoring systems via histologic examination. Importantly, these fundamental principles of scoring tissues are applicable to most organs, tissues, and models systems. 12 This paper reviews key principles for the development of scoring systems so that the pathologist has the best opportunity to meet these key principles. 17, 39, 46, 69 Crissman and colleagues suggested that a scoring system should exhibit three fundamental characteristics: (1) it should be definable, (2) it should be reproducible and (3) it should produce meaningful results. Scoring can be applied at different levels of tissue examination including antemortem imaging techniques 6, 35, 54, postmortem macroscopic examination 18, 36, 68 and histopathologic examination. tissues) for analysis and group comparisons. “grading”) is a tool that can be used to derive data from biologic systems (e.g. Many times, there is a need for more rigorous evaluation of the tissue either to prove a group difference or substantiate the observations of the initial examination. ![]() 11, 27, 48 Pathologists provide morphologic assessment of these tissues including examination for group-specific differences. Through the course of investigation, research laboratories often submit of tissues to histopathology cores for tissue processing and examination by a pathologist. Understanding key principles of tissue scoring can help in the development and/or optimization of scoring systems so as to consistently yield meaningful and valid scoring data. ![]() Validation of a scoring system occurs through two principal measures: 1) validation of repeatability and 2) validation of tissue pathobiology. Incidence, ordinal and rank methods of tissue scoring are demonstrated along with key principles for statistical analyses and reporting. nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio data) to be evaluated. Development of a tissue scoring system requires appreciation of the attributes and limitations of the data (e.g. “blinding”) of the pathologist to experimental groups is often necessary to constrain bias and multiple mechanisms are available. Many principles go into the development of a scoring system such as tissue examination, lesion identification, scoring definitions and consistency in interpretation. Initially, a thorough understanding of the experimental design, study objectives and methods are required to allow the pathologist to appropriately examine tissues and develop lesion scoring approaches. Histopathologic scoring is a tool by which semi-quantitative data can be obtained from tissues.
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